November 3 – Launch of Sputnik 2, with a dog called Laika on board, the first animal sent into orbit. There is no technology available to return it to Earth.
December 6 – The United States attempts launch of Vanguard TV3 which fails after just two seconds in the air.
Project Orion begins, a U.S. program to build a spacecraft powered by nuclear explosions.
April – IBM delivers the first compiler for the FORTRAN scientific programming language. It becomes the most widely used computer language for technical work.
Charnia is first described following its discovery by schoolboy Roger Mason at a site in the Charnwood Forest of England; it is the first definitely Precambrian fossil known.[12]
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^Moore, Elaine A.; Wilkinson, Samantha (2009). The Promise of Low Dose Naltrexone Therapy: Potential Benefits in Cancer, Autoimmune, Neurological and Infectious Disorders. McFarland. p. 30. ISBN 9780786452583.
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Lay summary in: Jeffrey Barrett. "Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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^"6 Women Scientists Who Were Snubbed Due to Sexism". National Geographic News. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.