| Country | Body or office | Type of body or offices | Type of electoral system | Electoral system | Seats per district
(if applicable) | Total seats | Electoral threshold
(if applicable) | Notes |
| Afghanistan | Supreme Leader of the Islamic Emirate | Head of State | election by unelected body | | Elected by the Leadership Council through consensus[2][3][4] | | | | Autocrat with life tenure[5] |
| Albania | President of the Republic | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by the Parliament through a secret vote.[6] | | | A three-fifths majority of all members in the first three rounds, absolute majority (50% +1 vote) in the next two rounds | If no candidate has attained the necessary majority in five rounds, the Parliament will be dissolved and a general election must occur within 60 days.[7] |
| Parliament (Kuvendi) | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists, D'Hondt method[8] | 3–36 | 140[9] | 1% | |
| Algeria | President of the People's Democratic Republic | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system[10] | | | | |
| Council of the Nation | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Partly, indirect election (2/3), partly appointed by the president | 96 (indirect election), 48 (appointed) | 144 | | |
| People's National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists, Largest remainder method (Hare quota)[10][11] | 5–37, 2 (districts representing people abroad)[citation needed] | 407[11] | 5% of votes in respective district[11] | Electoral districts correspond to wilayas (provinces) |
| Andorra | Co-Princes | Heads of State | no election | | President of France (elected directly in France) and the Bishop of Urgell (appointed by the Holy See) | | 2 | | |
| General Council of the Valleys | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: party block voting (local) + list PR (nationwide) | 2 (local districts) / 14 (nationwide constituency) | 28 | | |
| Angola | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post between the top candidates on party lists for National Assembly elections | | | | (Double simultaneous vote) |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method | 5 per province, 130 across country, + 3 representatives from abroad | 233 | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | Appointed by the Governor-General | | 17 | | On advice: 11 (Prime Minister), 4 (leader of the opposition), 1 (Barbuda Council); At discretion: 1 |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 17 | | |
| Argentina | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Modified Two-round system | | | To win in the 1st round, 45%, or 40% and a 10% lead over the second candidate is needed | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | semi-proportional | | Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists) | 3 | 72 | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method | 5–70 (Renewed by halves) | 257 | 3% of registered voters | |
| Armenia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Since 2018, the President is elected by members of parliament. | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR / optional runoff with majority jackpot or minority jackpot: Largest remainder. Nationwide Closed list and an Open list in each of 13 election districts. | | at least 101 | 5% (parties), 7% (blocs) | Party lists run-off FPTP to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately or through building a coalition (majority jackpot) or a party wins more than 2/3 of seats (minority jackpot).[12][13] |
| Australia | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Single transferable vote (STV) | 6 (12 per state, renewed by halves), 2 per territory [14] | 76 | | In the event of a double dissolution, all 12 seats in each state are up for election. |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Instant runoff voting (IRV) | 1 | 151 | | |
| Austria | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Federal Council (Bundesrat) | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Proportional to the distribution of seats in the state parliaments (indirect Party list PR) | 3–12 votes | 61 votes | | |
| National Council (Nationalrat) | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) at district and regional levels, D'Hondt method for remaining votes at national level | | 183 | 4% | |
| Azerbaijan | President of the Republic | Head of State | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 125 | | |
| Bahamas | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | Appointed by the Governor-General | | 16 | | On advice: 9 (prime minister), 4 (leader of the opposition), 3 (prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition) |
| House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 39[citation needed] | | |
| Bahrain | King | Head of State and Government | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Consultative Council | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | Appointed by the King | | 40 | | |
| Council of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | 1 | 40 | | |
| Bangladesh | President of the People's Republic | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by the Parliament | | | | |
| Parliament (Jatiyo Sangshad) | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 350 (300 directly elected + 50 seats reserved for women) | | |
| Barbados | President | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by the Parliament | | | A 2/3 majority of valid votes in each house is required | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | Appointed by the President | | 21 | | On advice: 12 (Prime Minister), 2 (Leader of the Opposition); At discrection: 7 |
| House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 30 | | |
| Belarus | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system[15][16] | | | 50% of registered voters to win | |
| Council of Republic | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | 56 elected by local councilors of each oblast (six) and the city of Minsk (the national capital), 8 appointed by president | 8 | 64 | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 110 | | |
| Belgium | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | 50 Senators elected by the community/regional parliaments 10 Senators co-opted by the other senators | | 60 | | |
| Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR (flexible lists): D'Hondt method | 3–22 | 150 | 5% | |
| Belize | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | Appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister (6), the Leader of the Opposition (3), and other organisations (4) | | 13 | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 31[citation needed] | | |
| Benin | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder (24 districts) | 2–5 (average 35) | 83 | | |
| Bhutan | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 25 (20 directly elected + 5 appointed)[citation needed] | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system variant, only top two parties enter second round.[17] | 1 | 47 | | |
| Bolivia | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Modified Two-round system (Double simultaneous)
(winner with 50% of votes or 40% and a 10% lead over the second)[18] | | | | Both the senate, and the proportional part of the Chamber of Deputies is elected based on the vote for the presidential candidates. |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method[19] | 4 | 36 | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | MMP:
FPTP (70 seats) /
Party-list proportional representation: Closed lists: D'Hondt method (60 seats)[19] | 1 / 5–29[20] | 130 | 3% | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Heads of State | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 3 (one each of the three major ethnic groups) | | |
| House of Peoples | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Members nominated by legislatures of two federal units | 5, 10 | 15 | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method | 14, 28 | 42 | | |
| Botswana | President | Head of State and Government | indirect | | Elected by the National Assembly | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 65 (57 directly elected + 6 members appointed by the governing party + 2 members ex officio: the President and the Attorney General) | | |
| Brazil | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Plurality block voting (BV) and First-past-the-post | 1 or 2 (alternates each election) | 81 | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists D'Hondt method | 8–70 | 513 | 2% (starting from 2026, will be 2.5%)[21] | |
| Brunei | Sultan | Head of State and Government | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | Absolute monarchy |
| Bulgaria | President of the Republic | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method[22] | 4–14[22] | 240 | 4% | |
| Burkina Faso | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly of Burkina Faso | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) | 2–16 | 127 | | |
| Burundi | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 4–11 | 100 + 18–21 co-opted | 2% | |
| Cambodia | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP + Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 1–18 | 123 | | |
| Cameroon | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Mixed-member majoritarian representation First-past-the-post in single-member constituencies, in multi-member constituencies party with over 50% of vote gets all seats (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota) | 1–7 | 180 | 5% | |
| Canada | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | Appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Prime Minister[23] | 1–24 | 105 | | |
| House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 338 | | |
| Cape Verde | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 2–15 | 72 | | |
| Central African Republic | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | 1 | 140[citation needed] | | |
| Chad | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise List PR (largest remainder, closed list)[24] | | 188 | | |
| Chile | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[25][26] | 2–5 | 50[25] | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[25][26] | 3–8 | 155 | | |
| China | President | Head of State | single winner | | Indirect election by the National People's Congress | | | | |
| National People's Congress | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Block approval voting: Direct election of local People's Congresses and indirect election of all higher levels of People's Congresses[citation needed] | | 2987 | | Voters may vote for or against each candidate.[citation needed] |
| Colombia | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 100 + 2 (indigenous) | 102 | | |
| Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 2–18 | 162 | | |
| Comoros | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Assembly of the Union | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | 1 | 33 (24 directly elected + 9 elected by lsland assemblies) | | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State | single winner | | First-past-the-post[27] | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Indirect election by provincial assemblies[28] | 8 for Kinshasa, 4 for all other provinces | 108 | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post in single-member districts and List PR in multi-member districts (Largest remainder) | 1–17 | 500 | | |
| Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system[29] | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | | 151[citation needed] | | |
| Costa Rica | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Modified Two-round system: 40% of votes needed to win in first round | | | | |
| Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder method | 4–20 | 57 | | |
| Croatia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Sabor | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, plus some reserved for minorities and Croatians living abroad | 14 | 153 | 5% | |
| Cuba | President | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by the National Assembly of People's Power | | | | |
| National Assembly of People's Power | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system, Endorsement of selected candidates | 1 | 470 | | |
| Cyprus | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists (Hare quota): Largest remainder (with remainder allocated at national level) | 3–20 | 80 (56 for Greek-Cypriots; 24 for Turkish-Cypriots (currently vacant)) and 3 observers from religious minorities | 3.6% (parties), 10% (coalitions of 2 parties), 20% (coalitions of at least 3 parties), 7.2% (remaining seats distributed to parties after countrywide remainders are allocated proportionally) (lists which do not reach the threshold can receive seats in individual constituencies where they reach the quota) | |
| Czech Republic | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | 1 | 27[citation needed] | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists (Imperiali quota and Hagenbach-Bischoff quota)[30] | 5–25 | 200 | 5% (party), 8/11% (coalition of 2/3+ parties), | |
| Denmark | Folketinget | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR MMP: D'Hondt method (135 constituency seats elected in districts varying from 1 to 23 seats each), Sainte-Laguë method (40 leveling seats) | | 179 | 2% | |
| Djibouti | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Fusion / majority jackpot: 80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method) | 3–28[citation needed] | 65 | | |
| Dominica | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 21 + 9 appointed + Speaker + 1 ex officio[citation needed] | | |
| Dominican Republic | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 32 (21 directly elected, 9 appointed + Speaker + 1 ex officio)[citation needed] | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 2–36 | 150 | | |
| East Timor | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder | | 65 | | |
| Ecuador | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Congress | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: Sainte-Laguë method | 2–18 | 100 | | |
| Egypt | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting[citation needed]: Two-round system (448 seats) + Party list PR (120 seats)[31] | | 596 (568 directly elected + 28 appointed) | | |
| El Salvador | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 3–20 | 84 | | |
| Equatorial Guinea | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP[32] | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Chamber of People's Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list | | 80 | | |
| Eritrea | President | Head of State and Government | no election | | | | | | Eritrea has never had a national election. |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post[citation needed] | | | | |
| Estonia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Elected by the parliament (Riigikogu) or by special electoral body | | | | |
| Riigikogu | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method (12 districts) | 5–14 (average 8.4) | 101 | 5% | |
| Eswatini | Ngwenyama | Head of State and Government | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Partly appointed by the Ngwenyama (2/3), partly elected by the House of Assembly[33] | | 30 | | |
| House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post,[34] with 10 members appointed by the Ngwenyama | 1 | 66 | | |
| Ethiopia | President | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the Federal Parliamentary Assembly | | | | |
| House of Federation | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Elected by regional councils[35] | | 112 | | |
| House of People's Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 546[35] | | |
| Fiji | House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[36] | 50 | 50 | 5% | |
| Finland | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Eduskunta (and MEPs) | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method (12 districts + 1 seat Åland FPTP) | 7–35 (average 16.6) (+1 seat Åland) | 200 | | |
| France | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | Elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials ("grands électeurs"), including regional councilors, department councilors, mayors, city councilors in large towns, and members of the National Assembly | 1 | 348 | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | 1 | 577 | | |
| Gabon | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | | 143[citation needed] | | |
| Gambia | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 58 (53 directly elected)[citation needed] | | |
| Georgia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Two-round system + Party-list PR (closed list) | 120 / 1 | 150 | 5% | |
| Germany | President | Head of State | single winner | | Federal Convention Half the member are the Bundestag, the other half is appointed by state legislatures | | | | |
| Federal Council (Bundesrat) | Upper chamber of legislature | | | appointed by the 16 State Governments respectively | 3–6 votes | 69 votes | | |
| Federal Diet (Bundestag) | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | MMP: Sainte-Laguë using regional fixed lists / FPTP | 299 (lists) / 1 (district) | 630 seats | 5% [37] | |
| Ghana | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 275[citation needed] | | |
| Gibraltar | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Plurality block voting | 17[38] | 17 | | |
| Greece | President | Head of State | single winner | | Elected by the parliament | | | | |
| Hellenic Parliament | Unicameral legislature | proportional (2023), semi-proportional (after 2023) | | Party-list proportional representation: all 300 seats proportionally divided via several allocations (for 2023 elections)
Majority bonus system (MBS): 250 seats proportionally divided via several allocations; between 20 and 50 bonus seats to the party placing first (after 2023 elections)[39] | 1–18 (5 on average) | 300 | 3% | |
| Grenada | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP | 1 | 15 | | |
| Guatemala | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Congress of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 29 / 1 | 158 | | |
| Guinea | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: 38 FPTP + 76 Party list PR (Hare quota) | 76 / 1 | 114 | | |
| Guinea-Bissau | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list (closed lists) (27 districts) | 3.7 (average) | 100 | | |
| Guyana | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP (Double simultaneous) | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Mixed member party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota) | 1-7 (districts) / 40 (national top-up) | 65 | | |
| Haiti | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | | | Two-round system | 1 | 99[citation needed] | | |
| Honduras | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP | | | | |
| National Congress | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) | 1–23 | 128 | | |
| Hong Kong | Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Parallel voting | 2 (Geographical constituencies) /
1–3 (Functional constituencies)/
40 (Election Committee) | 90 | | |
| Hungary | President | Head of State | single winner | | Elected by the National Assembly | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system and mixed single vote)[40] | 1 | 199 | 5% for parties (10% for two-party coalitions, 15% for larger coalitions), 0.27% for minority lists | |
| Iceland | President | Head of State | single winner | | FPTP | | | | |
| Alþing | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 8–13 | 63 (54 district seats, 9 levelling seats) | 5% | |
| India | President | Head of State | | | elected by an electoral college | | | | |
| Council of States (Rajya Sabha) | Upper chamber of legislature | | | not elected by direct vote of the people—elected by each state Vidhan Sabha using STV | | | | |
| House of the People (Lok Sabha) | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP | 1 | 545[citation needed] | | |
| Indonesia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Regional Representatives Council | Upper chamber of legislature | semi-proportional | | Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) | 4 | 136 | | |
| People's Representative Council | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: Webster/Sainte-Laguë method | 3–10 | 575 | 4% nationally | |
| Iran | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Majlis of Iran | | majoritarian | | Two-round block voting (25% of votes in 1st round) | 1–30[citation needed] | 290 | | |
| Assembly of Experts | | majoritarian | | Block voting | 1–16 | 88 | | |
| Iraq | Council of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | semi-proportional | | Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)[41] | 7–69 | 329 | 1 seat | One-quarter of total seats are reserved for women in the constituencies, while nine are reserved for minorities |
| Ireland | President | Head of State | single winner | | Instant runoff voting (IRV) | | | | |
| Seanad Éireann | Upper chamber of legislature | | | Indirect election:
– 11 nominated by the Taoiseach
– 6 elected by the graduates of certain Irish universities:
3 by graduates of Dublin University
3 by graduates of the National University
– 43 elected from five special panels of nominees (known as vocational panels) by an electorate consisting of TDs (member of Dáil Éireann), outgoing senators and members of city and county councils | | 60 | | |
| Dáil Éireann | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Single transferable vote (STV) | 3–5 | 158[42] | | |
| Israel | President | Head of State | single winner | | Elected by the Knesset | | | | |
| Knesset | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method | 120 | 120 | 3.25%[43] | |
| Italy | President | Head of State | single winner | | Elected by the Parliament | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: 116 FPTP seats + 199 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting | 1/49 | 315 | 3% | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: 232 FPTP seats + 398 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting | 2/8 | 630 | 3% | |
| Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP | 1 | 225 | | |
| Jamaica | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP | 1 | 60[citation needed] | | |
| Japan | Emperor | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: SNTV (73 seats) + Party list PR (Open list) D'Hondt method (96 seats) | 1-5 / 48 (Per election) | 242 (Half of the seats are up each election.) | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (295 seats)[44] + Party list PR (Closed list) D'Hondt method (180 seats) | 6-29 / 1 | 475 | | |
| Jordan | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: each voter has one vote for one candidate in one subdistrict of his choice in the district he lives in (like SNTV), one winner per subdistrict (like FPTP) (108 seats in 45 districts including 12 seats reserved for minorities) + 15 seats reserved for women (best losers) + Party list PR (closed lists) (27 seats) | 2.4 (average) / 27 | 150 | | |
| Kazakhstan | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | 40 senators elected by regional legislatures, 10 appointed by president | 2 | 50 | | |
| Assembly of People (Mazhilis) | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party-list | | 98 + 9 members elected by electoral college | 7% | |
| Kenya | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two round vote | | | >50% in national tally + >25% votes in more than 24 counties | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Plurality: 47 FPTP + 20 List proportional to seats won | | 47 elected county senators + 16 nominated female senators + 2 youths + 2 PLWD[45] | | |
| National Assembly of Kenya | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Plurality: 337 FPTP + 12 List proportional to seats won[46] | 1 | 290 single member constituencies + 47 female representatives (1 per county) + 12 nominated by parties | 5% to nominate additional members | |
| Kiribati | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP | | | | |
| House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Modified runoff[citation needed] | | 40 + 1 delegate from Banaba Island and 1 ex officio | | |
| Kuwait | Emir | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | semi-proportional | | Single non-transferable vote (1 vote for 10 seats) | 10 | 50 | | |
| Kyrgyzstan | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Supreme Council | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (36 seats) + Party list PR (54 seats) | | 90 | 5% | |
| Laos | President | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by the National Assembly | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Bloc voting | | 115[citation needed] | | |
| Latvia | Saeima | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method | 14–28 | 100 | 5% | |
| Lebanon | Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR (open list): D'Hondt method | 5-13 | 128 | | |
| Lesotho | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | MMP using mixed single vote: (40 party list seats / 80 FPTP seats) | | 120 | None | |
| Liberia | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP | 2 per county, 1 per election | 30 | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP | 1 | 73 | | |
| Liechtenstein | Prince | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Diet | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) | 10, 15 | 25 | 8% | |
| Lithuania | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Seimas | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: Two-round system (71 seats) + Party list PR (70 seats, Largest remainder) | 70 / 1 | 141 | 5% (parties), 7% (coalitions) | |
| Luxembourg | Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR:Open lists:D'Hondt method | 7-23 | 60 | | |
| Macau | Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 12 | 29 | | |
| Madagascar | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system[47] | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Parallel voting: FPTP (87 seats) + Party list PR (Closed list, highest averages method; 64 seats)[47][48] | 1 / 2 | 151 | | |
| Malawi | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 194[citation needed] | | |
| Malaysia | Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Head of State | no election | | rotation among 9 members of the Conference of Rulers | | | | By convention and informal agreement, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected based on seniority in the first cycle (which lasts from 1957 to 1994) |
| Senate (Dewan Negara) | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Indirect elections for 26 seats (each two seats are determined by the State Legislative Assemblies) + 44 seats appointed by the Yand di-Pertuan Agong (of which 4 of the seats are reserved to the Federal Territories members) | | | | |
| House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 222 | | |
| Maldives | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Majlis | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 77[citation needed] | | |
| Mali | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | | 160[citation needed] | | |
| Malta | House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Single transferable vote (STV) modified with gender corrective seats | 5 | 65 + up to 12 levelling seats (gender) | | Since the 2022 election, if the number of candidates elected from a gender (male/female) is less than 40%, up to 12 additional seats are added to achieve correction. Levelling seats are awarded on party-parity basis, 1-1 correction seats at a time for both parties. If more than 2 parties gain seats, the gender corrective mechanism is not used.[49] |
| Marshall Islands | President | Head of State and Government | indirect | | Elected by the Legislature | | | | |
| Legislature | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (19 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats) | 1 / 2-5 | 33 | | |
| Mauritania | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: 106 in 46 districts; in districts with 1-2 seats : Two-round system, in larger districts: List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) + twice 20 nationally (one set of 20 reserved for women): List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) | | 146 | | |
| Mauritius | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Bloc voting | 2–3 | 62 + 8 'best losers' appointed | | |
| Mexico | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: Largest remainder (Hare quota) + winner takes 2, second takes 1 (limited (party) block voting with closed lists) | 32 / 3 | 128 | 2% | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (300 seats) + Largest remainder (Hare quota) (200 seats) | 40 / 1 | 500 | 2% | |
| Federated States of Micronesia | President | Head of State and Government | indirect | | Elected by the Congress | | | | |
| Congress | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 14 | | |
| Moldova | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system[50] | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 101 | 101 | 4% | |
| Monaco | Prince | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| National Council | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: Plurality-at-large voting in single nationwide constituency (16 seats) + D'Hondt method (8 seats)[51] | | 24 | 5% (For proportional seats)[51] | |
| Mongolia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system[52] | | | | |
| State Great Khural | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Plurality-at-large voting (76 seats, 1-3 per district) Candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats.[53] | 1–3, 28 | 76 | | |
| Montenegro | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method | 5, 76 | 81 | 3% | |
| Montserrat | Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature | | | | 9 | 9 | | |
| Morocco | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: Largest remainder (295 seats) + list of women (30 seats) | | 325 | | |
| Mozambique | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 250 | 250 | 5% | |
| Myanmar (Burma) | People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 12 per region or state | 440 (25% appointed by military) | | |
| National Assembly (Amyotha Hluttaw) | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 per township | 224 (25% appointed by military) | | |
| Namibia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Hare quota + 6 appointed | 72 | 78 | | |
| Nauru | | Head of State and Government | | | | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | semi-proportional | | Modified Borda Count (Dowdall system, First ranked candidate gets 1 point, second 1/2, third 1/3 and so on.)[54] | 2-4[54] | 19[55] | | |
| Nepal | House of Representatives(Pratinidhi Sabha) | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (165 seats)[56][57] + Party list PR: Closed lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method (110 seats) | 1-10 | 165 FPTP and 110 PR | (3% of total votes for PR or at least one seat in FPTP) | |
| National Assembly (Rastriya Sabha) | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands | Senate (Eerste Kamer) | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Elected by members of states-provincial using Party list PR | 75 | 75 | | |
| House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method | 150 | 150 | 0.67% | |
Aruba
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[58] | 21[59] | 21 | 4,76% (One quota) | |
| New Zealand | House of Representatives (Parliament) | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | MMP: Sainte-Laguë method (48+ seats) / FPTP (72 district seats which also includes 7 seats reserved for Maori) | | 120 + overhang seats | 5% or 1 district seat | |
| Nicaragua | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 1-20 | 90 + 2 (former president and presidential runner-up) | | |
| Niger | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list (105 seats) + 8 from FPTP | | 113 | | |
| Nigeria | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | mixed | | First-past-the-post | 3 per state (plus one for the federal capital) | 109 | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | First-past-the-post | 1 per federal constituency (5 - 24 per state, plus 2 for the federal capital) | 360 | | |
| Niue | Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (14 seats) + Bloc voting (6 seats) | 1 / 6 | 20 | | |
| Northern Cyprus | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists[60] | 2–16 | 50 | 5% (parties) | |
| North Korea | Supreme People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature | single winner | | First-past-the-post, endorsement of selected candidates | 1 | 687 | | |
| North Macedonia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 20 | 120 | | |
| Norway | Storting | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method[61] | 4–19 | 150 + 19 leveling seats | 4% for leveling seats | |
| Oman | Sultan | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | Absolute monarchy |
| Council of State (Majlis al-Dawla) | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | |
| Consultative Assembly (Majlis al-Shura) | Lower chamber of legislature | | | | | | |
| Pakistan | President | Head of State | single winner | | Electoral college Electors consist of National Assembly, Senate and provincial assemblies | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP (272 seats) (+ 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won) | 1 | 272 elected + 70 appointed (60 women + 10 non-Muslim) | | |
| Palau | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Plurality block voting | 13 | 13 | | |
| House of Delegates | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 16 | | |
| Palestine | President | Head of State | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: Bloc voting or FPTP (66 seats) + Party list PR (Sainte-Laguë method; closed list; 66 seats) | 66 / 1–9 | 132 | 2% | |
| Panama | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Single-member constituencies: FPTP; multi-member: Saripolo or Sartori method (Largest remainder, but remainders only for those with no seats) | 1–7 | 78 | | |
| Papua New Guinea | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| National Parliament | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Instant runoff voting (IRV) | 1 | 109 | | |
| Paraguay | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP[62] | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 45 | 45 | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 1-19 | 80 | | |
| Peru | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Congress of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder | 1-35 | 130 | | |
| Philippines | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Bloc voting | 12 / 1 | 24 | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (229 districts in 2010, 232 in 2013, 238 in 2016, 243 in 2019) + Party list (closed lists; modified Hare quota with 3-seat cap and no remainders; 57 seats in 2010, 58 in 2013, 59 in 2016, 61 in 2019) | 57 / 1 (2010), 58 / 1 (2013), 59 / 1 (2016), 61 / 1 (2019) | 286 (2010), 292 (2013), 297 (2016), 304 (2019) | 2%; parties with less than 2% of the vote may win seats if the list seats haven't been completely distributed. | |
| Poland | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 100 | | |
| Diet (Sejm) | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 7–20 | 460 | 5% (8% for coalitions, 0% for national minorities) | |
| Portugal | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method | 2–47 | 230 | | |
| Qatar | Emir | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Consultative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | single winner | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 45 | | |
| Romania | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method[63] | 2–13[64] | 136 (out of which 2 seats for the Romanians living abroad)[64] | 5% on national level or 20% in at least 4 constituencies (parties), 8-10% (coalitions)[65] | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method[63] | 4–29[64] + 1 seat for each national minority | 330 (out of which 18 seats for the national minorities, 4 for the Romanians living abroad)[64] | 5% on national level or 20% in at least 4 constituencies (parties), 8-10% (coalitions)[65] | |
| Russia | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Federation Council | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | 89 senators elected by regional parliaments, 89 appointed by governors | 2 | 178 | | |
| State Duma | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (225 seats)[66] + Party list (225 seats) | 1, 225 | 450 | 5% | |
| Rwanda | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP[67] | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Largest remainder | 53 | 53 + 24 elected by provincial councils + 3 appointed | 5% | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 11 + 3 appointed + 1 ex officio | | |
| Saint Lucia | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 17 | | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 15 + 6 appointed | | |
| Samoa | Fono | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Parallel voting: FPTP (35 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats) | 1 / 2 | 49 | | |
| San Marino | Captains Regent | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by the Grand and General Council | | | | |
| Grand and General Council | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list using a D'Hondt method with, if no government is formed, second round with only 2 largest parties (national majority bonus/jackpot) | | 60 | | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list: closed lists (7 districts) | 7.9 (average) | 55 | | |
| Senegal | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: 105 seats by First-past-the-post or Party Bloc vote + 60 seats by Proportional Representation | | 150 | | |
| Serbia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method | 250 | 250 | 5% (0.4% for minorities) | |
| Seychelles | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (25 seats) + Party list PR (Hare quota, 8 seats) | 9 / 1 | 34 | | |
| Sierra Leone | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system[68] | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR[69] | | 132 + 12 Paramount chiefs | | |
| Singapore | President | Head of State | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Parallel voting: Party bloc voting (79 seats) + FPTP (14 seats)[70] | 4 or 5 / 1 | 93 elected[71] + 11 appointed (9 NMP + 2 NCMP) | | |
| Slovakia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Council of the Slovak Republic | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: flexible lists: variant of Hagenbach-Bischoff system[72] | 150 | 150 | 5% / 7% (coalitions of 2-3 parties) / 10% (coalitions of at least 4 parties) | |
| Slovenia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method (88 seats) + 2 seats by Borda Count | 11/8 + 2 single-seat constituencies | 90 | 4% | |
| Solomon Islands | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| National Parliament | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 50 | | |
| Somalia | President | Head of State | single winner | | indirect election by the Federal Parliament of Somalia | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| House of The People | Lower chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Somaliland | House of Elders | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| South Africa | President | Head of State and Government | indirect | | Elected by the National Assembly (candidates must be a member of the National Assembly at the time of election)[73] | | | | |
| National Council of Provinces | Upper chamber of legislature | elected by provicial parliaments | | proportional | 10 | 90 | | |
| National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: Droop quota | 10 districts - 9 provincial districts 5 - 48
- one at large district 200
| 400 | | |
| South Korea | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | FPTP | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats) | | 300 | PR: 5 FPTP seats / 3% | |
| South Sudan | President | Head of State and Government | | | | | South Sudan has never had a national election. See 2024 South Sudanese general election | | |
| Council of States | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | |
| National Legislative Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | | | | | | |
| Spain | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | semi-proportional | | Limited vote (3 votes for 4 seats) (208 members), appointment by regional legislatures (variable) | 2–4 | 208 + variable number | | |
| Congress of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method | 1–35 | 350 | 3% | |
| Sri Lanka | President | Head of State | single winner | | Sri Lankan contingent vote | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota) | 4-20 | 225 | | |
| Suriname | President | Head of State and Government | indirect | | Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the National Assembly[74] | | | | |
| National Assembly of Suriname | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: (10 districts) | 2-17 | 51 | | |
| Sweden | Riksdag | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë | 2-38 | 349 | 4% (or 12% in a constituency) | |
| Switzerland | President | Head of State and Government | indirect | | rotation among 7 members of Federal Council | | | | elected by the Federal Assembly, only "primus inter pares" |
| Council of States | Upper chamber of legislature | varies | | Two-round system (42 seats), Proportional representation (4 seats: Neuchâtel and Jura) | 1–2 | 46 | | |
| National Council | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method | 1-34 | 200 | | |
| Syria | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system[75] | | | | |
| People's Council | Unicameral legislature | | | | | | | |
| Taiwan (Republic of China) | President | Head of State | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| Legislative Yuan | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (73 seats) + Party-list PR (Hare quota) (34 seats)
Aboriginal seats: SNTV (6 seats) | 1
Aboriginal constituencies: 3 | 113 | 5% | |
| Tajikistan | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Assembly of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: Two-round system single-member constituencies (41 seats) + Party list (22 seats) | | 63 | 5% | |
| Tanzania | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system[76] | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (264 seats) + 5 Elected Indirectly by Zanzibar's Legislature + 5 Appointed by the President + 1 Ex-officio[77] + Party list (113 seats) | 113/1/5/6 | 393 | | |
| Thailand | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | Indirect Limited voting (LV) with self-nomination | | 200 | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (400 seats) [78] + party list (100 seats with mixed single vote) | 100/1 | 500 | None[79] | |
| Togo | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| National Assembly of Togo | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | List PR in multi-member districts [2] | | 81 | | |
| Tonga | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | | 9 + 9 elected by nobles + 10 members of Privy Council + 2 governors | | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | President | Head of State | indirect | | Electoral college consisting of senators and representatives | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | Appointed by president | | 31 | | 16 appointed on advice of the prime minister, 6 on advice of the opposition leader, 9 at President's discretion |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 41 | | |
| Tunisia | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system[80][81] | | | | |
| Assembly of the Representatives of the People | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party-list PR: Closed list: Largest remainder method (Hare Quota) [82][83] | 4-10 (Seats in Tunisia), 1-5 (Seats for Tunisians abroad) | 217 | | |
| Turkey | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Grand National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list | 1-35 | 600 | 7% | |
| Turkmenistan | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| People's Council | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | | 50 | | |
| Tuvalu | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| Parliament | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Parallel voting: Bloc voting (14 seats) + FPTP (1 seat) | 2 / 1 | 15 | | |
| Uganda | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 214 + 78 from various groups | | |
| Ukraine | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system.[84] | | | | |
| Verkhovna Rada | Unicameral legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: open regional lists [85] | 450 | 450 | 5% | |
| United Kingdom | King | Head of State | no election | | Hereditary monarchy | | | | |
| House of Lords | Upper chamber of legislature | no election | | 26 Lords Spiritual appointed as bishops by the Church of England, 92 Lords Temporal elected from the 806 hereditary peers by hereditary peers (or the entire House for 15 peers), and an unlimited number of Life Peers appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister (currently 670)[86] | | 784[87] | | |
| House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 650 | | |
Northern Ireland
Assembly | Devolved regional legislature | proportional | | Single transferable vote (STV) | 5 | 90 | | |
Scotland
Parliament | Devolved regional legislature | mixed | | | | | | |
Wales
Senedd | Devolved regional legislature | mixed | | | | | | |
Anguilla
House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
Bermuda
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 36 | | |
| Cayman Islands Parliament | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 18 + 2 ex officio[88] | | |
| United States | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Electoral college members chosen in block on basis of state-wide plurality on a per state basis, except in Maine and Nebraska, where two electors are chosen on a statewide basis, and one elector is chosen from each Congressional district on a per district basis. 48 states, including Nebraska, use plurality basis to choose electoral college members for presidential general elections. Alaska and Maine use IRV. Party nominees chosen by delegates allocated in state primaries with varying methods by state and party. | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP in 46 states.[note 1] Elsewhere: Instant-runoff voting in Alaska and Maine, Two-round system in Georgia and Mississippi | 2 per state, 1 per election | 100 | | |
| House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | FPTP for all seats in 41 states. Elsewhere: Two-round system in Georgia, Mississippi[89][90][91] and Texas,[note 2][92] Nonpartisan blanket primary in Alaska, California, Louisiana[93] and Washington,[note 3][note 4] and IRV in Alaska and Maine.[94][95][96][97] | 1 | 435 + 6 non-voting members | | |
| Uruguay | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | Double simultaneous vote |
| Chamber of Senators | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list | 30 | 31 (30 directly elected + the vice-president) | |
| Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list | 2-42 | 99 | |
| Uzbekistan | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | indirect | | 84 elected by regional legislatures, 16 appointed by president | 6 | 100 | | |
| Legislative Chamber | Lower chamber of legislature | single winner | | Two-round system | 1 | 150 | | |
| Vanuatu | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | semi-proportional mixed | | Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First past the post | 8 one-seat districts; ten districts with 2-7 seats | 52 | | |
| Vatican City | Pope | Head of State and Government | election by unelected body | | Elected by the College of Cardinals: Exhaustive ballot (2/3 majority required) | | | | |
| Venezuela | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | First-past-the-post | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP or bloc voting, and FPTP in districts reserved for indigenous peoples (113 seats) + Regional party list (closed list; D'Hondt method) (52 seats) | 2 (20 states)-3 (4) / 1 (68 districts), 2 (15), and 3 (4); at least 1 district per state. The three indigenous' districts comprise some whole states | 165 | | |
| Vietnam | President | Head of State | indirect | | Elected by the National Assembly | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | Two-round system | | 498 | | |
| Yemen | President | Head of State | single winner | | Two-round system | | | | |
| Shura Council | Upper chamber of legislature | | | | | | | |
| Assembly of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 301 | | |
| Zambia | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system[98] | | | | |
| National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | majoritarian | | First-past-the-post | 1 | 150 | | |
| Zimbabwe | President | Head of State and Government | single winner | | Two-round system[99] | | | | |
| Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | proportional | | Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, based on vote for national assembly). Additionally the senate consists of 2 seats for each non-metropolitan district of Zimbabwe elected by each provincial assembly of chiefs using SNTV,[100] 1 seat each for the president and deputy president of the National Council of Chiefs, 1 male and 1 female seat for people with disabilities elected on separate ballots using FPTP by an electoral college designated by the National Disability Board.[101][102] | 6 (directly elected seats) | 60 directly elected + 20 | | |
| National Assembly of Zimbabwe | Lower chamber of legislature | mixed | | Parallel voting: FPTP (210 seats) + Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, reserved for women, and based on vote in the districts)[101][102][note 5] | 1, 6 (Women's lists) | 210 + 60 reserved for women | | |
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