Loop algebra

In mathematics, loop algebras are certain types of Lie algebras, of particular interest in theoretical physics.

Definition

For a Lie algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ over a field ${\displaystyle K}$, if ${\displaystyle K[t,t^{-1}]}$ is the space of Laurent polynomials, then

with the inherited bracket

Geometric definition

If ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ is a Lie algebra, the tensor product of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ with C^∞(S¹), the algebra of (complex) smooth functions over the circle manifold S¹ (equivalently, smooth complex-valued periodic functions of a given period),

is an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra with the Lie bracket given by

Here g₁ and g₂ are elements of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ and f₁ and f₂ are elements of C^∞(S¹).

This isn't precisely what would correspond to the direct product of infinitely many copies of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$, one for each point in S¹, because of the smoothness restriction. Instead, it can be thought of in terms of smooth map from S¹ to ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$; a smooth parametrized loop in ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$, in other words. This is why it is called the loop algebra.

Gradation

Defining ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{i}}$ to be the linear subspace ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{i}={\mathfrak {g}}\otimes t^{i}<L{\mathfrak {g}},}$ the bracket restricts to a product

hence giving the loop algebra a ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }$-graded Lie algebra structure.

In particular, the bracket restricts to the 'zero-mode' subalgebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{0}\cong {\mathfrak {g}}}$.

Derivation

There is a natural derivation on the loop algebra, conventionally denoted ${\displaystyle d}$ acting as

and so can be thought of formally as ${\displaystyle d=t{\frac {d}{dt}}}$.

It is required to define affine Lie algebras, which are used in physics, particularly conformal field theory.

Loop group

Similarly, a set of all smooth maps from S¹ to a Lie group G forms an infinite-dimensional Lie group (Lie group in the sense we can define functional derivatives over it) called the loop group. The Lie algebra of a loop group is the corresponding loop algebra.

Affine Lie algebras as central extension of loop algebras

If ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ is a semisimple Lie algebra, then a nontrivial central extension of its loop algebra ${\displaystyle L{\mathfrak {g}}}$ gives rise to an affine Lie algebra. Furthermore this central extension is unique.^[1]

The central extension is given by adjoining a central element ${\displaystyle {\hat {k}}}$, that is, for all ${\displaystyle X\otimes t^{n}\in L{\mathfrak {g}}}$,

and modifying the bracket on the loop algebra to where ${\displaystyle B(\cdot ,\cdot )}$ is the Killing form.

The central extension is, as a vector space, ${\displaystyle L{\mathfrak {g}}\oplus \mathbb {C} {\hat {k}}}$ (in its usual definition, as more generally, ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$ can be taken to be an arbitrary field).

Cocycle

Using the language of Lie algebra cohomology, the central extension can be described using a 2-cocycle on the loop algebra. This is the map

satisfying Then the extra term added to the bracket is ${\displaystyle \varphi (X\otimes t^{m},Y\otimes t^{n}){\hat {k}}.}$

Affine Lie algebra

In physics, the central extension ${\displaystyle L{\mathfrak {g}}\oplus \mathbb {C} {\hat {k}}}$ is sometimes referred to as the affine Lie algebra. In mathematics, this is insufficient, and the full affine Lie algebra is the vector space^[2]

where ${\displaystyle d}$ is the derivation defined above.

On this space, the Killing form can be extended to a non-degenerate form, and so allows a root system analysis of the affine Lie algebra.

References