アッベは1840年1月23日、ザクセン=ヴァイマル=アイゼナハ大公国のアイゼナハで生まれた[1]。父は紡績工場の現場責任者のゲオルク・アダム・アッベ(Georg Adam Abbe)、母はエリーザベト・クリスティーナ・バルヒフェルト(Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt)で[2]、それほど裕福な家庭ではなかった。父の会社からの支援を受けて中等学校に通い、アイゼナハのギムナジウムで大学入学のための一般資格を優秀な成績で取得し、1857年に卒業した[3]。
しかし、ヘルムホルツは1874年の出版物の中で、この公式は61年前に亡くなったジョゼフ=ルイ・ラグランジュが最初に導き出したものだと述べている[10]。ヘルムホルツは感銘を受けてベルリン大学の教授職をアッベに申し出たが、アッベはツァイス社との関係を考慮して断った[4]。アッベは広角派で、顕微鏡の解像度は最終的には光学系の口径によって制限されると主張していたが、用途によっては対物レンズの設計において口径よりも重視すべきパラメータがあることも主張していた。アッベが1874年に発表した論文"A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision"[11]では、顕微鏡の解像度は口径に反比例すると述べているが、顕微鏡の解像度の限界を示す公式は提案していない。
アッベの社会観は、プロイセン政府がモデルにするほど尊重され、アルフレート・ヴェーバーが1947年に出版した"Schriften der Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus"の中でこれを理想としている[14]。
Abbe, Ernst (1873). “Über einen neuen Beleuchtungsapparat am Mikroskop [About a New Illumination Apparatus to the Microscope]” (ドイツ語). Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie (Bonn, Germany: Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn) 9: 469–480. doi:10.1007/bf02956177. https://books.google.com/books?id=LMkVAAAAYAAJ&q=abbe&pg=PA469.
(1873). “Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung [Contributions to the Theory of the Microscope and of Microscopic Perception]” (ドイツ語). Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie (Bonn, Germany: Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn) 9 (1): 413–468. doi:10.1007/BF02956173. ISSN 0176-7364. https://books.google.com/books?id=LMkVAAAAYAAJ&q=Abbe%20Archiv%20f%C3%BCr%20Mikroskopische%20Anatomie%201873&pg=PA4132010年8月27日閲覧。.
(1874). “Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und flüssiger Körper [New Equipment for Determining the Refraction and Dispersion Property of Solids and Liquids]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Mauke's Verlag) 8: 96–174. https://books.google.com/books?id=87UUAAAAYAAJ&q=Jenaische%20Zeitschrift%20f%C3%BCr%20Naturwissenschaft%20Volume%208&pg=PA96.
(1875). “A New Illuminating Apparatus for the Microscope”. The Monthly Microscopical Journal (London, UK: Robert Hardwicke) 13 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1875.tb00845.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=sOEUAAAAYAAJ&q=A%20new%20illuminating%20apparatus%20for%20the%20microscope%201875%20abbe&pg=PA77.
(1876). Lawson, Henry. ed. “A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the Nature of Microscopic Vision”. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society (London, UK: Williams & Northgate) 1: 200–261. https://books.google.com/books?id=TC8UAAAAYAAJ&q=Bristol%20Naturalists%20Society%201875&pg=PA200.
(1875). Lawson, Henry. ed. “Extracts from Dr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope”. The Monthly Microscopical Journal (London, UK: Williams & Northgate) 14 (4): 191–201. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1875.tb00067.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=UTA4AAAAMAAJ&q=On%20the%20microscope%20abbe%201875%20monthly&pg=PA191.
(1875). Lawson, Henry. ed. “Extracts from Dr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope (Cont.)”. The Monthly Microscopical Journal (London, UK: Williams & Northgate) 14: 245–254. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1875.tb00076.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=UTA4AAAAMAAJ&q=On%20the%20microscope%20abbe%201875%20monthly&pg=PA245.
(1878). “Über mikrometrische Messung mittelst optischer Bilder [About Micrometric Measurement by Means of Optical Images]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer): 11–17. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&q=ueber%20mikrometrische%20messung%20mittelst%20optischer%20bilder&pg=PR11.
(1878). “Über Blutkörper-Zählung [About Counting Blood Cells]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer): 98–105. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&q=Uber%20Blutkoerper%20Zahlung&pg=PR98.
(1878). “Über die Bedingungen des Aplanatismus der Linsensysteme [The Conditions Under Which Aplanatism of the Lens Systems]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer): 129–142. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&q=Ueber%20die%20Bedingungen%20des%20Aplanatis&pg=PA129.
(1878). “Über die Grenzen der geometrischen Optik [Beyond the Limits of Geometric Optics]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer): 71–109. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&q=Ueber%20die%20Grenzen%20der%20geometrischen%20Optik&pg=RA1-PA71.
(11 June 1879). Crisp, Frank. ed. “On Stephenson's System of Homogeneous Immersion for Microscope Objectives”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 2 (3): 256–265. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1879.tb01651.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=d_MVAAAAYAAJ&q=Stephenson's%20System%20abbe&pg=PA256.
(1879). Crisp, Frank. ed. “On New Methods for Improving Spherical Correction applied to the Construction of Wide-angled Object-glasses”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 2 (7): 812–824. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1879.tb01548.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=d_MVAAAAYAAJ&q=Stephenson's%20System%20abbe&pg=PA812.
(2 May 1879). “Über die Bestimmung von Zeit und Polhöhe aus Beobachtungen in Höhenparallen [The Determination of Time and Latitude Observations Made in Höhenparallen]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer): 57–66. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&q=Uber%20die%20Bestimmung%20von%20Zeit%20and%20Abbe&pg=PA57.
(21 February 1879). “Über die Bestimmung der Brechungs-Verhältnisse fester Körper mittelst des Refractometers [The Determination of the Refractive Ratios of Solids by Means of Refractometers]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer): 35–44. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&q=Uber%20die%20Bestimmung%20von%20Zeit%20and%20Abbe&pg=PA35.
(1880). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Conditions on Aplanatism of Systems of Lenses”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 3: 509–515. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA831.[出典無効]
(1880). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Some Remarks on the Apertometer”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 3: 20–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1880.tb05648.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=YOAUAAAAYAAJ&q=Some%20remarks%20on%20the%20apertometer%20abbe%20v%203&pg=PA20.
(1880). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Conditions of Aplanatism for Wide-angled Pencils”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1: 831. https://books.google.com/books?id=mXBJAAAAYAAJ&q=Microscopy%20Society%20Journal%201880%20Abbe%20509&pg=PA509.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “The Essence of Homogeneous Immersion”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1: 526. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA526.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Illumination for Binocular Microscopes with High Powers”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1: 690–692. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA690.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Penetrating Power of Objectives”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1: 831–832. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA831.
(1881). “Beschreibung eines neuen stereoskopischen Oculars [Description of a New Stereoscopic Eye-piece]” (ドイツ語). Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für Physikalische Technik (Munich, Germany: Druck und Verlag Von R. Oldenbourg) 17: 197–224. https://books.google.com/books?id=1UzPAAAAMAAJ&q=Beschreibung%20eines%20neuen%20stereo%20a%20197&pg=PA197.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Origin of Homogeneous Immersion”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1: 131–134. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20Society%20Abbe%20On%20the%20Function%20of%20Aperture&pg=PA131.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. Conditions of Microstereoscopic Vision – "Penetration". 2. 1. London, UK: Williams & Norgate. pp. 680–689. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA680.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1 (3): 388–423. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05909.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA388.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “On the Conditions of Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Effects in the Binocular Microscope”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1 (2): 203–211. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05902.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA203.
(1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Abbe's Stereoscopic Eye-piece”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1: 298–299. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA298.
(1882). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Miniatured Images”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 2: 693–696. https://books.google.com/books?id=Oks4AAAAMAAJ&q=Miniature%20images%202%201882%20Journal%20Abbe&pg=PA693.
(1882). Crisp, Frank. ed. “The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 2 (3): 300–309. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1882.tb00190.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=KPQVAAAAYAAJ&q=Journal%20of%20Microscopy%201881%20%22The%20Relation%20of%20Aperture%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Microscope%22&pg=PA300.
(1882). Crisp, Frank. ed. “The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 2 (1): 460–473. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1882.tb04805.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=4r4EAAAAQAAJ&q=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20Society%20%201881&pg=PA460.
(1883). Crisp, Frank. ed. “The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 3 (1): 790–812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1883.tb05956.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=aHhJAAAAYAAJ&q=The%20Relation%20of%20Aperture%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Microscope%20abbe&pg=PA790.
(1884). Crisp, Frank. ed. “Note on the Proper Definition of the Amplifying Power of a Lens or Lens-System”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 4 (1): 348–351. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1884.tb01110.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=th4AAAAAMAAJ&q=Note%20on%20the%20proper%20definition%20of%20the%20amplifying%20power%20of%20a%20lens%20or%20a%20lens%20system&pg=PA348.
(1884). Crisp, Frank. ed. “On the Mode of Vision with Objectives of Wide Aperture”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 4 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1884.tb02005.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=th4AAAAAMAAJ&q=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20society%201884&pg=PA20.
(1886). “The new microscope”. S Ber Jena Ges Med2: 107–108.[要文献特定詳細情報]
(1886) (ドイツ語). Über Verbesserungen des Mikroscope mit Hilfe neuer Arten optischen Glases [About Enhancements of the Microscope Using New Types of Optical Glass]. https://books.google.com/books?id=6vMYAAAAYAAJ&q=%C3%9Cber+Verbesserungen+des+Mikroscope+mit+Hilfe+neuer+Arten+optischen+Glases&pg=PT4
(1890). “Messapparate für Physiker [Measuring Equipment for Physicists]” (ドイツ語). Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde10: 446–447.
(1895). Double Prism for Totally-Reflecting Refractometers. Google Patents
(1895) (ドイツ語). Motive und Erläuterungen zum Entwurf eines Statuts der Carl Zeiss-Stiftung [Motives and Explanations on the Draft Statute of the Carl Zeiss Foundation]. Vopelius
; Rudolph, P. (1897). “Anamorphotisches Linsensystem [Anamorphic Lens System]” (ドイツ語). German Pat99722.
(1904) (ドイツ語). Gesammelte Abhandlungen [Collected Essay]. 5 volumes, released from 1904 until 1940. New York, NY: Hildesheim. LCCN 94-235187
; Lummer, Otto; Reiche, Fritz (1910) (ドイツ語). Die Lehre von der Bildentstehung im Mikroskop [The Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope]. Braunschweig, Germany: F. Vieweg und Sohn. LCCN 10-17693
^Walter, Rolf (1996) (ドイツ語). Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905-1945. Böhlau Verlag. pp. 25. ISBN 978-3-412-11096-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=fqPstAEACAAJ&sitesec=reviews
^Joseph McCabe (1945). A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers. Haldeman-Julius Publications. Retrieved 7 April 2013. He was not only a distinguished German physicist and one of the most famous inventors on the staff at the Zeiss optical works at Jena but a notable social reformer, By a generous scheme of profit-sharing he virtually handed over the great Zeiss enterprise to the workers. Abbe was an intimate friend of Haeckel and shared his atheism (or Monism). Leonard Abbot says in his life of Ferrer that Abbe had "just the same ideas and aims as Ferrer."
Abbe, Ernst (1874). “Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und flüssiger Körper [New Equipment for Determining the Refraction and Dispersion Property of Solids and Liquids]” (ドイツ語). Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena, Germany: Mauke's Verlag) 8: 96–174. https://books.google.com/books?id=87UUAAAAYAAJ&q=Jenaische%20Zeitschrift%20f%C3%BCr%20Naturwissenschaft%20Volume%208&pg=PA96.
Abbe, Ernst (1876). Lawson, Henry. ed. “A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the Nature of Microscopic Vision”. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society (London, UK: Williams & Northgate) 1: 200–261. https://books.google.com/books?id=TC8UAAAAYAAJ&q=Bristol%20Naturalists%20Society%201875&pg=PA200.
Abbe, Ernst (1881). Crisp, Frank. ed. “On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 1 (3): 388–423. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05909.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&q=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA388.
Abbe, Ernst (1883). Crisp, Frank. ed. “The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate) 3 (1): 790–812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1883.tb05956.x. https://books.google.com/books?id=aHhJAAAAYAAJ&q=The%20Relation%20of%20Aperture%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Microscope%20abbe&pg=PA790.
Blasius, Ewald (1953). "Abbe, Ernst Carl". Neue Deutsche Biographie (ドイツ語). Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot. LCCN 54001573。
Debus, Allen G.; Calinger, Ronald S.; Collins, Edward J.; Kennedy, Stephen J., eds. (1968). "Abbe, Ernst Karl". World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present. Chicago, IL: A. N. Marquis Company. ISBN 978-0-8379-1001-7. LCCN 68056149。
Günther, Norbert (1970). "Abbe, Ernst". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. I: Pierre Abailard – L. S. Berg. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 6–9. ISBN 978-0-684-10112-5. LCCN 69018090。
Helmholtz, Hermann; Fripp, Henry Edward (July 1876). “On the Limits of the Optical Capacity of the Microscope”. The Monthly Microscopical Journal16 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1876.tb05606.x. https://zenodo.org/record/1433195.
Joint Committee of Civil Engineers; American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (1994). Glossary of the Mapping Sciences. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7844-0050-0. LCCN 94-30078
Pfeiffer, Wolfgang (1991). "Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung". In Hast, Adele; Pascal, Diane B.; Berney, Kate; Barbour, Philippe A.; Griffin, Jessica (eds.). International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. III: Health & Personal Care Products – Materaials. Chicago, IL: St James Press. pp. 445–447. ISBN 978-1-55862-059-9. LCCN 89190943。
関連文献
Sella, Andrea (2008年11月). “Abbé's refractometer”. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 67. 2015年9月24日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年5月6日閲覧。
Harald Volkmann (1966), “Ernst Abbe and his work”, Applied Optics5 (11): 1720-1731