Kerubut Emas California

Koordinat: 38°48′09″N 120°53′41″W / 38.80250°N 120.89472°W / 38.80250; -120.89472

Kerubut Emas California کروبوت امس کاليفورنيا
Pelayaran ke California ketika permulaan kerubut emas
Kawasan emas	Sierra Nevada dan Utara California
Penemuan	24 Januari 1848 di Coloma
Durasi	1848–55
Pencari gali	300,000
Legasi	49ers

Kerubut Emas California (1848–1855) bermula pada 24 Januari apabila emas telah dijumpai oleh James W. Marshall dekat Kilang Sutter di Coloma, California, Amerika Syarikat.^[1] Pada keseluruhannya, berita mengenai emas tersebut telah membawa lebih kurang 300,000 orang ke California dari seluruh Amerika Syarikat dan luar negara.^[2] Dianggarkan mereka yang tiba itu sebahagiannya datang melalui jalan laut manakala sebahagian lagi melalui jalan darat dari timur, di Rintisan California dan Rintisan Sungai Gila.

Nota

^ "[E]vents from January 1848 through December 1855 [are] generally acknowledged as the 'Gold Rush'. After 1855, California gold mining changed and is outside the 'rush' era.""The Gold Rush of California: A Bibliography of Periodical Articles". California State University, Stanislaus. 2002. Dicapai pada 23 Januari 2008.
^ "California Gold Rush, 1848–1864". Setiausaha Negeri California. Dicapai pada 22 Ogos 2011.

Rujukan

Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1890) History of California Diarkibkan 2012-01-02 di Wayback Machine, vols. 18–24.

Brands, H. W. (2003). The age of gold: the California Gold Rush and the new American dream. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-72088-5.

Clappe, Louise Amelia Knapp Smith (2001) [1922]. The Shirley Letters from the California Mines, 1851–1852. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California. m/s. 109. ISBN 1-890771-00-7.

Clay, Karen; Gavin Wright (April 2005). "Order Without Law? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush". Explorations in Economic History. 42 (2): 155–183. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2004.05.003.

Dillon, Richard (1975). Siskiyou Trail: the Hudson's Bay Company route to California. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-016980-2.

Gaither, Chris; Chmielewski, Dawn C. (2006-10-10). "Google Bets Big on Videos" (PDF). Los Angeles Times. Dicapai pada 2006-10-10.

Harper's New Monthly Magazine March 1855, volume 10, issue 58, p. 543, complete text online.

Heizer, Robert F. (1974). The destruction of California Indians. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7262-6.

Hill, Mary (1999). Gold: the California story. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21547-8.

Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for riches: Gold fever and the making of California. Oakland, California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21401-3.

Johnson, Susan Lee (2001). Roaring Camp: the social world of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32099-5.

Levy, JoAnn (1992) [1990]. They saw the elephant: women in the California Gold Rush. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2473-3.

Miller, Joaquin (1873). Life amongst the Modocs: unwritten history. Berkeley: Heyday Books; reprint edition (January 1996). ISBN 0-930588-79-7.

Moynihan, Ruth B.; Armitage, Susan; Dichamp, Christiane Fischer, penyunting (1990). So much to be done: Women settlers on the mining and ranching frontier, 2d ed. (Women in the West). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8248-6.

Rawls, James, J.; Bean, Walton (2003). California: An interpretive history. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-255255-7.

Rawls, James, J. and Richard J. Orsi (eds.) (1999). A golden state: mining and economic development in Gold Rush California. California History Sesquicentennial, 2. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21771-3.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

Starr, Kevin (1973). Americans and the California dream: 1850–1915. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504233-6.

Starr, Kevin (2005). California: a history. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64240-4.

Starr, Kevin and Richard J. Orsi (eds.) (2000). Rooted in barbarous soil: people, culture, and community in Gold Rush California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22496-5.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

Thornton, Russel (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: ˜a Population History Since 1492. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2074-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Wells, Harry L. (1971) [1881]. History of Siskiyou County, California. Siskiyou Historical Society. OCLC 6150902. ASIN B0006YP8IE,.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

Bacaan lanjut

Burchell, Robert A. (Summer 1974). "The Loss of a Reputation; or, The Image of California in Britain before 1875". California Historical Quarterly. 53 (3): 115–130. doi:10.2307/25157500. ISSN 0097-6059.
Burns, John F. and Richard J. Orsi (eds.) (2003). Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23413-8. Dicapai pada 2007-02-14.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Drager, K.; C. Fracchia (1997). The Golden Dream: California from Gold Rush to Statehood. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55868-312-7.
Dwyer, Richard A.; Richard E. Lingenfelter; David Cohen (1964). The Songs of the Gold Rush. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Eifler, Mark A. (2002). Gold Rush Capitalists: Greed and Growth in Sacramento. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2822-9.
Hart, Eugene (2003). A Guide to the California Gold Rush. Merced: Freewheel Publications. ISBN 0-9634197-2-2.
Helper, Hinton Rowan (1855). The Land of Gold: Reality Versus Fiction. Baltimore: H. Taylor.
Holliday, J. S.; William Swain (2002) [1981]. The World Rushed in: The California Gold Rush Experience. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3464-X.
Hurtado, Albert L. (2006). John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3772-X.
Klare, Normand E. (2005). The Final Voyage of the SS Central America 1857. Ashland, Oregon: Klare Taylor Publishers. ISBN 0-9764403-0-X.
Knorr, Lawrence (2008). A Pennsylvania Mennonite and the California Gold Rush. Camp Hill: Sunbury Press. ISBN 0-9760925-8-1.
Lienhard, Heinrich. "Wenn Du absolut nach Amerika willst, so gehe in Gottesnamen!", Erinnerungen an den California Trail, John A. Sutter und den Goldrausch 1846–1849. Herausgegeben von [edited by] Christa Landert, mit einem Vorwort von [foreword by] Leo Schelbert. Zürich: Limmat Verlag, 2010, 2011. ISBN 978-3-85791-504-8
Owens, Kenneth N. (ed.) (2002). Riches for All: The California Gold Rush and the World. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8617-1.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Roberts, Brian (2000). American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-class Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4856-5.
Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1998). Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21659-8. online edition
Watson, Matthew A. (2005). "The Argonauts of '49: Class, Gender, and Partnership in Bret Harte's West". Western American Literature. 40 (1): 33–53. ISSN 0043-3462.
Witschi, N. S. (2004). "Bret Harte." Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. Ed. Jay Parini. New York: Oxford University Press. 154-157.
Witschi, N.S. (2002). Traces of Gold: California's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-1117-3.