Konjici

Konjici
Vremenski raspon: Jurassic–recent
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Tettigonia viridissima
Stridulacija vrste T. viridissima
Naučna klasifikacija e
Domen: Eukaryota
Carstvo: Animalia
Tip: Arthropoda
Klasa: Insecta
Red: Orthoptera
Podred: Ensifera
Infrared: Tettigoniidea
Natporodica: Tettigonioidea
Krauss, 1902
Porodica: Tettigoniidae
Krauss, 1902
Podfamilije

Pogledajte tekst.

Zeleni konjic (Tettigonia Locusta viridisima)
Sredozemni konjic (Saga pedo) polaže jaja.
Larva točkastog konjica (Leptophyes punctatissima)

Insekti u familiji Tettigoniidae se čsto nazivaju katididi (u Australiji, Južnoj Africi, Sjedinjenim Državama),[1] ili žbunski cvrčci (na Britanskim ostrvima).[2] Oni su ranije bili poznati kao dugorogi skakavci.[3] Više od 6.400 vrsta je poznato. Kao deo podreda Ensifera, Tettigoniidae su jedina postojeća familija u nadfamiliji Tettigonioidea.

Oni su uglavnom noćne životinje sa oštrim pozivima na parenje. Mnogi konjci ispoljavaju mimikriju i kamuflažu, obično u vidu oblika i boja sličnih lišću.[4]

Izgled

Telo im je duguljasto, najčešće zelene ili smeđe zaštitne boje, glava velika, oči složene, čeljusti za griženje i žvakanje, antene duge, često duže od njihovog tela. Ženka ima dugu leglicu koja joj omogućava polaganje jaja duboko u tlo. Stridulacijski organi im se nalaze pri dnu prednjih krila pa kad zriču uzdignu prednja krila i brzo ih pomiču. Neke vrste imaju razvijena oba para krila, dok su kod roda Barbitistes zakržljala.

Larve

Larve se razvijaju nepotpunom preobrazbom, a u zadnjem presvlačenju dobijaju krila.

Prehrana

Lisni skakavci ili konjici prvenstveno su biljožderi, ali ima i entomofagnih mesoždera.

Sistematika

Potporodice

  • Potporodica: Acridoxeninae Zeuner, 1936
  • Potporodica: Austrosaginae Rentz, D.C.F., 1993
  • Potporodica: Bradyporinae Thomas, C., 1872
  • Potporodica: Conocephalinae Thomas, C., 1872
  • Potporodica: Hetrodinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Potporodica: Lipotactinae Ingrisch, 1995
  • Potporodica: Listroscelidinae Redtenbacher, 1891
  • Potporodica: Meconematinae Karsch, 1891
  • Potporodica: Mecopodinae Karsch, 1891
  • Potporodica: Microtettigoniinae Rentz, D.C.F., 1979
  • Potporodica: Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838
  • Potporodica: Phasmodinae Caudell, 1912
  • Potporodica: Phyllophorinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1898
  • Potporodica: Pseudophyllinae Burmeister, 1840
  • Potporodica: Pseudotettigoniinae Sharov, 1962 †
  • Potporodica: Saginae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Potporodica: Tettigoniinae Stoll, C., 1787
  • Potporodica: Tympanophorinae Kirby, W.F., 1906
  • Potporodica: Zaprochilinae Rentz, D.C.F. & Clyne, 1983
  • Rod Arctolocusta Heer †
  • Rod Lithymnetes Scudder, S.H., 1878 †

Rodovi

  • Acrodectes Rehn and Hebard, 1920
  • Aglaothorax Caudell, 1907
  • Amblycorypha Stål, 1873
  • Anabrus Haldeman, 1852
  • Apote Scudder, 1897
  • Arethaea Stål, 1876
  • Ateloplus Scudder, 1894
  • Atlanticus Scudder, 1894
  • Belocephalus Scudder, 1875
  • Brachyinsara Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Bucrates Burmeister, 1838
  • Capnobotes Scudder, 1897
  • Caulopsis Redtenbacher, 1891
  • Clinopleura Scudder, 1894
  • Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815
  • Copiphora Serville, 1831
  • Cyrtophyllicus Hebard, 1908
  • Decticita Hebard, 1939
  • Dichopetala Brunner, 1878
  • Eremopedes Cockerell, 1898
  • Euconocephalus Karny, 1907
  • Holochlora Stål, 1873
  • Hubbellia Hebard, 1927
  • Idionotus Scudder, 1894
  • Idiostatus Pictet, 1888
  • Insara F. Walker, 1869
  • Inscudderia Caudell, 1921
  • Inyodectes Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Lea Caudell, 1906
  • Meconema Serville, 1831
  • Metrioptera Wesmael, 1838
  • Microcentrum Scudder, 1863
  • Montezumina Hebard, 1925
  • Neduba F. Walker, 1869
  • Neobarrettia Rehn, 1901
  • Neoconocephalus Karny, 1907
  • Odontoxiphidium Morse, 1891
  • Orchelimum Serville, 1839
  • Orophus Saussure, 1859
  • Paracyrtophyllus Caudell, 1906
  • Pediodectes Rehn and Hebard, 1916
  • Peranabrus Scudder, 1894
  • Petropedes Tinkham, 1972
  • Phaneroptera Serville, 1831
  • Plagiostira Scudder, 1876
  • Platycleis Fieber, 1853
  • Platylyra Scudder, 1898

Vrste

Poznato je oko 6400 vrsta.[5]

  • Acrodectes philopagus Rehn and Hebard, 1920
  • Aglaothorax diminutiva (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
  • Aglaothorax gurneyi (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
  • Aglaothorax longipennis (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax morsei (Caudell, 1907)
  • Aglaothorax ovata (Scudder, 1899)
  • Aglaothorax propsti (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Amblycorypha alexanderi T. J. Walker, 2003
  • Amblycorypha bartrami T. J. Walker, 2003
  • Amblycorypha floridana Rehn, 1905
  • Amblycorypha insolita Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Amblycorypha oblongifolia (De Geer, 1773)
  • Amblycorypha parvipennis Stål, 1876
  • Amblycorypha rotundifolia (Scudder, 1863)
  • Amblycorypha uhleri Stål, 1876
  • Anabrus cerciata Caudell, 1907
  • Anabrus longipes Caudell, 1907
  • Anabrus simplex Haldeman, 1852
  • Anabrus spokan Rehn and Hebard, 1920
  • Apote notabilis Scudder, 1897
  • Apote robusta Caudell, 1907
  • Arethaea ambulator Hebard, 1936
  • Arethaea arachnopyga Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Arethaea brevicauda (Scudder, 1900)
  • Arethaea carita Scudder, 1902
  • Arethaea constricta Brunner, 1878
  • Arethaea coyotero Hebard, 1935
  • Arethaea gracilipes (Thomas, 1870)
  • Arethaea grallator (Scudder, 1877)
  • Arethaea mescalero Hebard, 1936
  • Arethaea phalangium (Scudder, 1877)
  • Arethaea phantasma Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Arethaea polingi Hebard, 1935
  • Arethaea sellata Rehn, 1907
  • Arethaea semialata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Ateloplus coconino Hebard, 1935
  • Ateloplus hesperus Hebard, 1934
  • Ateloplus joaquin Rentz, 1972
  • Ateloplus luteus Caudell, 1907
  • Ateloplus minor Caudell, 1907
  • Ateloplus notatus Scudder, 1901
  • Ateloplus schwarzi Caudell, 1907
  • Ateloplus splendidus Hebard, 1934
  • Atlanticus americanus (Saussure, 1859)
  • Atlanticus calcaratus Rehn and Hebard, 1916
  • Atlanticus davisi Rehn and Hebard, 1916
  • Atlanticus dorsalis (Burmeister, 1838)
  • Atlanticus gibbosus (Scudder, 1894)
  • Atlanticus glaber Rehn and Hebard, 1912
  • Atlanticus monticola Davis, 1915
  • Atlanticus pachymerus (Burmeister, 1838)
  • Atlanticus scudderi (Bruner, 1885)
  • Atlanticus testaceus Scudder, 1901
  • Belocephalus davisi Rehn and Hebard, 1916
  • Belocephalus hebardi Davis, 1912
  • Belocephalus micanopy Davis, 1914
  • Belocephalus sabalis Davis, 1912
  • Belocephalus sleighti Davis, 1914
  • Belocephalus subapterus Scudder, 1875
  • Belocephalus uncinatus Hebard, 1927
  • Brachyinsara hemiptera Hebard, 1939
  • Bucrates malivolans (Scudder, 1878)
  • Capnobotes arizonensis (Rehn, 1904)
  • Capnobotes attenuatus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Capnobotes bruneri Scudder, 1897
  • Capnobotes fuliginosus (Thomas, 1872)
  • Capnobotes granti Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Capnobotes imperfectus Rehn, 1901
  • Capnobotes occidentalis (Thomas, 1872)
  • Capnobotes spatulatus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Capnobotes unodontus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Caulopsis acutula (Scudder, 1878)
  • Clinopleura flavomarginata Scudder, 1900
  • Clinopleura infuscata Caudell, 1907
  • Clinopleura melanopleura (Scudder, 1876)
  • Clinopleura minuta Caudell, 1907
  • Conocephalus aigialus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
  • Conocephalus allardi (Caudell, 1910)
  • Conocephalus attenuatus (Scudder, 1869)
  • Conocephalus brevipennis (Scudder, 1863)
  • Conocephalus fasciatus (De Geer, 1773)
  • Conocephalus gracillimus Morse, 1891
  • Conocephalus hygrophilus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
  • Conocephalus nemoralis (Scudder, 1875)
  • Conocephalus nigropleuroides Fox, 1912
  • Conocephalus nigropleurum (Bruner, 1891)
  • Conocephalus occidentalis (Morse, 1901)
  • Conocephalus resacensis Rehn and Hebard, 1915
  • Conocephalus saltans (Scudder, 1872)
  • Conocephalus spartinae Fox, 1912
  • Conocephalus spinosus (Morse, 1901)
  • Conocephalus stictomerus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
  • Conocephalus strictus (Scudder, 1875)
  • Copiphora mucronata Thomas, 1872
  • Cyrtophyllicus chlorum Hebard, 1908
  • Decticita balli Hebard, 1939
  • Decticita brevicauda (Caudell, 1907)
  • Decticita yosemite Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Dichopetala brevihastata Morse, 1902
  • Dichopetala castanea Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Dichopetala catinata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Dichopetala emarginata Brunner, 1878
  • Dichopetala gladiator Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Dichopetala oreoeca Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Dichopetala pollicifera Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Eremopedes balli Caudell, 1902
  • Eremopedes bilineatus (Thomas, 1875)
  • Eremopedes californica Rentz, 1972
  • Eremopedes covilleae Hebard, 1934
  • Eremopedes cryptoptera (Rehn and Hebard, 1920)
  • Eremopedes cylindricerca Rentz, 1972
  • Eremopedes ephippiata (Scudder, 1899)
  • Eremopedes kelsoensis Tinkham, 1972
  • Eremopedes pintiati Rentz, 1972
  • Eremopedes scudderi Cockerell, 1898
  • Euconocephalus nasutus (Thunberg, 1815)
  • Holochlora japonica Brunner, 1878
  • Hubbellia marginifera (F. Walker, 1869)
  • Idionotus brevipes Caudell, 1907
  • Idionotus brunneus Scudder, 1901
  • Idionotus incurvus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Idionotus lundgreni Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Idionotus similis Caudell, 1934
  • Idionotus siskiyou Hebard, 1934
  • Idionotus tehachapi Hebard, 1934
  • Idionotus tuolumne Hebard, 1934
  • Idiostatus aberrans Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus aequalis (Scudder, 1899)
  • Idiostatus apollo Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus bechteli Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus bilineatus (Thomas, 1875)
  • Idiostatus birchimi Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus californicus Pictet, 1888
  • Idiostatus callimerus Rehn and Hebard, 1920
  • Idiostatus chewaucan Rentz and Lightfoot, 1976
  • Idiostatus elegans Caudell, 1907
  • Idiostatus fuscopunctatus (Scudder, 1899)
  • Idiostatus fuscus Caudell, 1934
  • Idiostatus goedeni Rentz, 1978
  • Idiostatus gurneyi Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus hermanii (Thomas, 1875)
  • Idiostatus inermis (Scudder, 1899)
  • Idiostatus inermoides Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus inyo Rehn and Hebard, 1920
  • Idiostatus kathleenae Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus magnificus Hebard, 1934
  • Idiostatus major Caudell, 1934
  • Idiostatus martinellii Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus middlekauffi Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus rehni Caudell, 1907
  • Idiostatus sinuata (Scudder, 1899)
  • Idiostatus variegatus Caudell, 1907
  • Idiostatus viridis Rentz, 1973
  • Idiostatus wymorei Caudell, 1934
  • Insara apache (Rehn, 1907)
  • Insara covilleae Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Insara elegans (Scudder, 1901)
  • Insara gemmicula Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Insara juniperi Hebard, 1935
  • Insara tessellata Hebard, 1935
  • Inscudderia strigata (Scudder, 1898)
  • Inscudderia taxodii Caudell, 1921
  • Inscudderia walkeri Hebard, 1925
  • Inyodectes pallidus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Inyodectes schlingeri Rentz, 1972
  • Lea floridensis (Beutenmuller, 1903)
  • Meconema thalassinum (De Geer, 1773)
  • Metrioptera roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822)
  • Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker, 1869)
  • Microcentrum californicum Hebard, 1932
  • Microcentrum latifrons Spooner, 1989
  • Microcentrum louisianum Hebard, 1939
  • Microcentrum minus Strohecker, 1952
  • Microcentrum retinerve (Burmeister, 1838)
  • Microcentrum rhombifolium (Saussure, 1859)
  • Microcentrum rostratum Rehn, 1905
  • Montezumina modesta (Brunner, 1878)
  • Neduba carinata F. Walker, 1869
  • Neduba castanea (Scudder, 1899)
  • Neduba convexa Caudell, 1907
  • Neduba diabolica (Scudder, 1899)
  • Neduba extincta Rentz, 1977
  • Neduba macneilli Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Neduba morsei Caudell, 1907
  • Neduba propsti Rentz and Weissmann, 1981
  • Neduba sierranus (Rehn and Hebard, 1911)
  • Neduba steindachneri (Herman, 1874)
  • Neobarrettia spinosa (Caudell, 1907)
  • Neobarrettia victoriae (Caudell, 1907)
  • Neoconocephalus bivocatus Walker, Whitesell and Alexander, 1973
  • Neoconocephalus caudellianus (Davis, 1905)
  • Neoconocephalus ensiger (Harris, 1841)
  • Neoconocephalus exiliscanorus (Davis, 1887)
  • Neoconocephalus lyristes (Rehn and Hebard, 1905)
  • Neoconocephalus melanorhinus (Rehn and Hebard, 1907)
  • Neoconocephalus nebrascensis (Bruner, 1891)
  • Neoconocephalus pahayokee Walker and Whitesell, 1978
  • Neoconocephalus palustris (Blatchley, 1893)
  • Neoconocephalus retusus (Scudder, 1878)
  • Neoconocephalus robustus (Scudder, 1863)
  • Neoconocephalus triops (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Neoconocephalus velox Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Odontoxiphidium apterum Morse, 1901
  • Orchelimum agile (De Geer, 1773)
  • Orchelimum bradleyi Rehn and Hebard, 1915
  • Orchelimum bullatum Rehn and Hebard, 1915
  • Orchelimum campestre Blatchley, 1893
  • Orchelimum carinatum T. J. Walker, 1971
  • Orchelimum concinnum Scudder, 1863
  • Orchelimum delicatum Bruner, 1892
  • Orchelimum erythrocephalum Davis, 1905
  • Orchelimum fidicinium Rehn and Hebard, 1907
  • Orchelimum gladiator Bruner, 1891
  • Orchelimum laticauda (Redtenbacher, 1891)
  • Orchelimum militare Rehn and Hebard, 1907
  • Orchelimum minor Bruner, 1891
  • Orchelimum nigripes Scudder, 1875
  • Orchelimum pulchellum Davis, 1909
  • Orchelimum silvaticum McNeill, 1891
  • Orchelimum superbum Rehn and Hebard, 1915
  • Orchelimum volantum McNeill, 1891
  • Orchelimum vulgare Harris, 1841
  • Orophus rhombifolia (Saussure, 1859)
  • Paracyrtophyllus excelsus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914)
  • Paracyrtophyllus robustus Caudell, 1906
  • Pediodectes bruneri (Caudell, 1907)
  • Pediodectes daedelus (Rehn and Hebard, 1920)
  • Pediodectes grandis (Rehn, 1904)
  • Pediodectes haldemani (Girard, 1853)
  • Pediodectes mitchelli (Caudell, 1911)
  • Pediodectes nigromarginatus (Caudell, 1902)
  • Pediodectes pratti (Caudell, 1911)
  • Pediodectes stevensoni (Thomas, 1870)
  • Pediodectes tinkhami Hebard, 1934
  • Peranabrus scabricollis (Thomas, 1872)
  • Petropedes santarosae Tinkham, 1972
  • Phaneroptera furcifera Stål, 1861
  • Phaneroptera nana Fieber, 1853
  • Plagiostira albofasciata Scudder, 1902
  • Plagiostira albonotata Scudder, 1876
  • Plagiostira gillettei Caudell, 1907
  • Plagiostira mescaleroensis Tinkham, 1960
  • Platycleis tessellata (Charpentier, 1825)
  • Platylyra californica Scudder, 1898
  • Platyoplus gilaensis Tinkham, 1973
  • Pterophylla camellifolia (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Pterophylla furcata Caudell, 1906
  • Pyrgocorypha uncinata (Harris, 1841)
  • Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771)
  • Scudderia cuneata Morse, 1901
  • Scudderia curvicauda (De Geer, 1773)
  • Scudderia fasciata Beutenmuller, 1894
  • Scudderia furcata Brunner, 1878
  • Scudderia pistillata Brunner, 1878
  • Scudderia septentrionalis (Serville, 1839)
  • Scudderia texensis Saussure and Pictet, 1897
  • Scudderia williamsi Piza, 1974
  • Steiroxys borealis Scudder, 1894
  • Steiroxys pallidipalpus (Thomas, 1872)
  • Steiroxys strepens Fulton, 1930
  • Steiroxys trilineatus (Thomas, 1870)
  • Turpilia rostrata (Rehn and Hebard, 1905)
  • Zacycloptera atripennis Caudell, 1907

Podvrste

  • Aglaothorax diminutiva constrictans (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax diminutiva dactyla (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax diminutiva diminutiva (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
  • Aglaothorax diminutiva malibu (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax morsei costalis (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax morsei curtatus (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax morsei islandica (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax morsei morsei (Caudell, 1907)
  • Aglaothorax morsei santacruzae (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax morsei tectinota (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
  • Aglaothorax ovata armiger Rehn and Hebard, 1920
  • Aglaothorax ovata gigantea Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Aglaothorax ovata longicaudus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Aglaothorax ovata ovata (Scudder, 1899)
  • Aglaothorax ovata segnis Rehn and Hebard, 1920
  • Aglaothorax ovata tinkhamorum Rentz and Birchim, 1968
  • Amblycorypha floridana carinata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Amblycorypha floridana floridana Rehn, 1905
  • Amblycorypha parvipennis parvipennis Stål, 1876
  • Arethaea constricta comanche Hebard, 1936
  • Arethaea constricta constricta Brunner, 1878
  • Arethaea gracilipes cerciata Hebard, 1936
  • Arethaea gracilipes gracilipes (Thomas, 1870)
  • Arethaea gracilipes papago Hebard, 1935
  • Atlanticus americanus americanus (Saussure, 1859)
  • Atlanticus americanus hesperus Hebard, 1934
  • Belocephalus hebardi hebardi Davis, 1912
  • Belocephalus hebardi proximus Hebard, 1927
  • Belocephalus sleighti simplex Hebard, 1927
  • Belocephalus sleighti sleighti Davis, 1914
  • Belocephalus subapterus hesperus Hebard, 1927
  • Belocephalus subapterus peninsularis Hebard, 1927
  • Belocephalus subapterus rehni Davis, 1912
  • Belocephalus subapterus subapterus Scudder, 1875
  • Conocephalus brevipennis brevipennis (Scudder, 1863)
  • Eremopedes balli balli Caudell, 1902
  • Eremopedes balli pallidus Tinkham, 1944
  • Insara elegans consuetipes (Scudder, 1900)
  • Insara elegans elegans (Scudder, 1901)
  • Lea floridensis divergens Hebard, 1939
  • Lea floridensis floridensis (Beutenmuller, 1903)
  • Pediodectes grandis grandis (Rehn, 1904)
  • Pediodectes grandis insignis (Caudell, 1907)
  • Pediodectes nigromarginatus griseis (Caudell, 1902)
  • Pediodectes nigromarginatus nigromarginatus (Caudell, 1902)
  • Phaneroptera nana nana Fieber, 1853
  • Plagiostira gillettei gillettei Caudell, 1907
  • Plagiostira gillettei utahensis Tinkham, 1962
  • Pterophylla camellifolia camellifolia (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Pterophylla camellifolia dentifera Hebard, 1941
  • Pterophylla camellifolia intermedia Caudell, 1906
  • Pterophylla furcata furcata Caudell, 1906
  • Pterophylla furcata laletica Hebard, 1941
  • Scudderia curvicauda borealis Rehn and Hebard, 1914
  • Scudderia curvicauda curvicauda (De Geer, 1773)
  • Scudderia curvicauda laticauda Brunner, 1878
  • Scudderia furcata furcata Brunner, 1878

Reference

  1. ^ Cigliano, M. M.; H. Braun, D. C. Eades; D. Otte. „family Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902”. orthoptera.speciesfile.org. Orthoptera Species File. Приступљено 18. 12. 2018. 
  2. ^ DR, Ragge (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. стр. 299. 
  3. ^ Ingrisch, Sigfrid; Rentz, D.C.F. (2009). „Chapter 187 - Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, Locusts, Katydids, Crickets”. Encyclopedia Of Insects (Second Edition). стр. 732—743. ISBN 9780123741448. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00196-X. 
  4. ^ „Katydid”. Ediotrs of Encyclopaedia Britannica & others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Приступљено 9. 10. 2014. 
  5. ^ Ivo Matoničkin, Ivan Habdija, Biserka Primc-Habdija, Beskralješnjaci, biologija viših avertebrata, Školska knjiga. . Zagreb. 1999. ISBN 978-953-0-30824-4. 

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